(1Samuel 28:7)
“Then Saul said to his servants, ‘Seek for me a woman who is a medium, that I may go to her and inquire of her.’ And his servants said to him, ‘Behold, there is a woman who is a medium at En-dor.’ ”
…———…
Someone wrote to me and asked, “I read 1Samuel 28 the other day and after I read it was very confusing, could you please help me to understand it? Like it seems like Necromancy like I thought Samuel died then Saul saw Daniel??”
In the modern day in which we live, the paranormal has become a massive money-making machine that the entertainment industry takes full advantage of through television series, movie franchises, best-selling books, haunted houses, ghost hunters, fortune-tellers, psychic readings, etc. But this demonic agenda has been around for centuries (as we see in 1Samuel 28 as well as other ancient Near East cultures.)
Now, this particular passage of 1Samuel 28:1-25 is a story that many Christians attempt to avoid discussing yet many critics desire to shine the spotlight of attention on it because it is a surprising passage about the king of Israel seeking out a medium/witch. The word “medium” is the English translation of the Hebrew word [178] [א֖וֹב] (’ō·wḇ) [ob] (obe). Modern English versions of the Bible have translated this word into a variety of ways, including, “medium,” “ghost,” “spirit,” “necromancer,” “witch,” or “wizard.” The words “medium” [178] and “spiritist” [3049] [יִדְּעֹנִי] (yid·də·’ō·nî) [yiddeoni] (yid-deh-o-nee’) often appear together in the Old Testament (Leviticus 19:31; 20:6,27; Deuteronomy 18:11; 1Samuel 28:3,9; 2Kings 21:6; 23:24; 2Chronicles 33:6; Isaiah 8:19; 19:3) as in to say, “do not seek a spirit or the person who summons the spirit.”
Some translations of the Bible use the word “necromancer,” which derives from the root meaning “to know,” with the implication of gaining special insight through communicating with the dead. The force of the equivalent word in the Greek Septuagint (pre-Christian Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament) means “ventriloquizing” and is literally “traced in the belly” (i.e., “belch”). Thus, a medium was someone who seemingly called up the spirit of the deceased and communicated for them. The specific Hebrew word used in this verse could even be translated as “ghostwife” or “ghostmistress,” as if to imply a marriage bond between the spirit and the one who summons the spirit. Thus, this is an upside-down demonic mirrored image of how two become one in marriage (Genesis 2:24; Matthew 19:5; 1Corinthians 6:16; Ephesians 5:31). This is what the devil does — he copies GOD’s designs and then flips them inside-out as a mockery of GOD’s ways. Therefore, in essence, the spirit uses the human as a flesh-puppet; consequently, rather than the human being a ventriloquist who talks for the puppet, the human becomes the puppet who talks for the spirit. And so this is a spirit — who is not the Holy Spirit of GOD — tabernacling within the human host, thereby defiling the human body, which is the temple of GOD (John 2:21; Romans 12:1; 1Corinthians 3:16-17; 6:19-20; Ephesians 2:21-22; 5:29-30; 1Peter 2:5). It’s equivalent to a pastor inviting a demon to come into his church building and speak for him. It is for this reason Paul said in 1Corinthians 10:21, “You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons; you cannot partake of the table of the Lord and the table of demons.” Because the only spirit who should dwell within us is the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:5; 2:4; 1Corinthians 12:13; Ephesians 1:13; 4:30). And it is for this reason GOD specifically and strictly commanded that no one should seek spirits or the person who seeks spirits (Exodus 22:18; Leviticus 19:31; 20:6,27; Deuteronomy 18:9-12; Isaiah 8:19; Galatians 5:19-20).
So, why did Saul communicate with a medium if GOD had clearly commanded His people not to do this and Saul himself had been responsible for cutting off all the mediums from the land (1Samuel 28:3,9)? Well, it was the eve of the final battle against the Philistines, and Saul desperately desired to hear from the Lord as to what to do. 1Samuel 28:5-6 says, “When Saul saw the camp of the Philistines, he was afraid and his heart trembled greatly. When Saul inquired of the Lord, the Lord did not answer him, either by dreams or by Urim or by prophets.” And out of desperation, because he didn’t get what he wanted when he wanted it, he sought a medium to contact the prophet Samuel, whom he had always trusted. But the problem was that Samuel was already dead (1Samuel 28:3). And so Saul, in his impatience, instability, and immaturity, deliberately disobeyed and willfully sinned against GOD by rebelling against GOD’s command. Thus, Saul had banned the physical presence of mediums from Israel, but he did not remove this wicked practice from his heart. And because Saul’s servants knew where to find this medium, many people most likely still went to her even though she wasn’t in Israel. In fact, En-dor was located about four miles northeast of Shunem, where the Philistine army had been camped. Hence, to consult with this medium, Saul had to somehow slip through enemy lines unnoticed. That’s a lot of effort to put forth in order to deliberately disobey the Lord. And this clearly showcased what Isaiah would later prophecy about the people of Israel in that they draw near with their words and honor GOD with their lip service, but they remove their hearts far from Him (Isaiah 29:13). Certainly this plan would work out in Saul’s favor, right? Wrong.
Perceived Problem:
The Bible severely condemns witchcraft and communication with the dead (Exodus 22:18; Leviticus 19:31; 20:6,27; Deuteronomy 18:9-12; Isaiah 8:19; Galatians 5:19-20). In the Old Testament, those who practiced it were to receive capital punishment. King Saul knew this and even put all mediums out of the land (1Samuel 28:3). Nevertheless, in disobedience to GOD, he went to the medium of En-dor for her to contact Samuel, who was deceased (1Samuel 28:7-25). The perceived problem here is that this “witch” appears to be successful in summoning up Samuel, which, if true, lends validity to the powers of witchcraft that the Bible so severely condemns. So, doesn’t the Bible contradict itself here? Isn’t this justification for participating in séances, psychic readings, tarot cards, or using Ouija boards? What’s the big deal? Saul did it and it apparently worked.
Scriptural Solutions:
First, some believe that the medium worked a miracle by demonic powers and that demons or the devil brought Samuel back from the dead. In support of this, they cite passages which indicate that demons have the power to perform miracles (Matthew 7:22; 2Corinthians 11:14; 2Thessalonians 2:9-10; Revelation 16:14).
The objections to this view, however, include the fact that death is final (Hebrews 9:27), the dead cannot return (2Samuel 12:23) because there is a great chasm fixed by GOD (Luke 16:23-31), and neither demons nor Satan himself can usurp GOD’s authority over life and death (Job 1:10-12; Mark 5:12-13; Luke 22:31-32). Further, nothing happens without GOD knowing about it and permitting it to happen (1Kings 8:39; Psalm 139:1-4,15-16; Isaiah 46:10; Jeremiah 1:5; Matthew 9:4; 12:25; Mark 2:6-8; Luke 6:8; John 1:47-48; 4:18; 11:11-15; Acts 1:24; 1Corinthians 2:10-11; 1John 3:20). Oh, and the fact that this story was not written by Stephen King, it’s not Pet Cemetery 2, and Samuel didn’t return as a demonic dead dude due to evil forces.
Second, others have suggested that the medium did not really bring up Samuel from the dead, but simply faked doing so. They support this by reference to demons who deceive people who try to contact the dead (Leviticus 19:31; Deuteronomy 18:11; 1Chronicles 10:13) and by the contention that demons sometimes utter what is true (Acts 16:17).
The objection to this view, however, includes the fact that the passage seems to say Samuel did return from the dead (not physically, but spiritually), that he provided a prophecy that actually came to pass (1Samuel 28:19; 31:1-6), and that it is unlikely that demons would have uttered the truth of GOD’s judgment upon Saul, since the devil is the father of lies (John 8:44). Instead of lying, telling Saul only what he wanted to hear, Samuel, like Micaiah son of Imlah, spoke the truth of GOD’s judgment even though it didn’t favor the king (1Kings 22:5-28).
A third view — which I believe to be the correct interpretation — is that the medium did not bring up Samuel from the dead, but GOD Himself intervened in the situation in order to rebuke Saul for his blatant sin and pronounce judgment on him. In support of this view is the following: [a] Samuel seemed to actually return from the dead (1Samuel 28:14), but [b] neither humans nor demons have the power to bring people back from the dead (Luke 16:23-31; Hebrews 9:27). [c] The medium herself seemed to be shocked by the appearance of Samuel and she “cried out with a loud voice” (1Samuel 28:12). [d] There is a direct condemnation of necromancy in this passage (1Samuel 28:9), and thus it is highly unlikely that it would give credence to necromancy by claiming that witches can actually bring people back from the dead. [e] GOD sometimes speaks in unsuspecting places through unusual means, such as Baalam’s donkey in Numbers 22:28-30. [f] The miracle was not performed through the medium, but in spite of her. [g] Samuel seems to truly appear from the dead, rebukes Saul, and utters a true prophecy that came to pass, which is a sign of a true prophet (Deuteronomy 18:20-22). [h] GOD explicitly and repeatedly condemned contacting the dead and would not contradict this by giving credence to necromancy or witchcraft. [i] All the ancient scribes who wrote out and copied Scripture by hand were well aware of this passage and it never became a stumbling block to them because they understood what was being communicated in the passage.
Now, in response to this view, the major objections to this view are less than a few; in fact, they are two. A critic might say that the text does not explicitly say that GOD is the one who performed the miracle, and that a witch’s tent is a strange place to perform this miracle. But this is why context matters and Scripture interprets Scripture.
Saul was mentally and emotionally unstable in all his ways, completely unfit to be a king. Not only did he try to kill David several times (1Samuel 18:11; 19:10; 23:15; 24:2), but he even threw a spear at his own son at one point (1Samuel 20:33). Yet he was what the people wanted because of his good looks (1Samuel 9:2). And even though GOD warned the people that Saul was not the king they needed, they wanted him anyway (1Samuel 8:5-20). What must be understood from this story is that this was not the first time Saul had acted out from impatience, impulsiveness, or immaturity (1Samuel 13:8-14). Just because GOD did not answer him at the exact moment he wanted to hear from GOD, it did not mean that GOD would never answer him. The earlier cited example (1Samuel 13:8-14) showcases how Saul’s solution was literally right around the corner but he didn’t wait on the Lord’s timing. Instead, he took matters into his own hands and did what he was never supposed to do. And this is the exact same mistake Saul makes when he seeks out a medium. But this time, GOD Himself supernaturally slices through the medium’s superficial show, surprising the medium, and condemning Saul through the very prophet in whom he sought to place his trust. This was GOD’s doing, not the medium. GOD personally sent Samuel to shock the medium and condemn Saul. And Samuel essentially said, “Get out of the way, lady, I’ve got a bone to pick with Saul. Oh, and by the way, stop being a witch — the Lord is sovereign over everything.”
We know that it was truly Samuel because he was identifiable from his robe, which the medium saw (1Samuel 28:14). Unlike our modern clothing that is mass-produced to look exactly the same, the ancient cultures had to make everything by hand and every garment was unique. Specific garments signified particular roles or offices (Exodus 35:19; 1Samuel 2:19; 15:27; 18:3-4; 19:24; 24:4-5), which is even evident in the New Testament where disabled people possessed specific garments to identify them as legal beggars (Mark 10:50). In 1Samuel 28:12, the text tells us that despite Saul’s disguise, the medium gained knowledge that the man sitting in front of her was Saul, but it does not tell us how she came to know this. However, it seems likely that Samuel told her; otherwise, how would she have discovered Saul’s true identity? And so not only was Samuel identifiable, but he was also aware, able to communicate, and accurately repeated key themes from Samuel’s previous private conversations with Saul (1Samuel 15:18,26-28). Therefore, Samuel, who was certainly not extinct or nonexistent, gave a direct message to Saul. Moreover, Samuel gave a prophecy which came true. And so this passage simultaneously mocks the “divine” ability of mediums while also showcasing the continuity of life after death in order to foreshadow what Jesus teaches in the New Testament and what we will see again in the transfiguration of Christ when the disciples witness Moses and Elijah (Matthew 17:1-8). So yes— there is life after death and Samuel was a sneak preview of that eternal life.
But what I find to be comical is the fact that Samuel was annoyed that he was disturbed and had to communicate with Saul yet again. I can just imagine the conversation between Samuel and the Lord where Samuel says, “Ugh! Do I really have to go deal with this guy again? How many times have I had to talk to this guy already?” But the Lord says, “Do you trust me?” And Samuel relents, “Yes, Lord. You know I trust you. Okay. Here I go…” But, as servants of the Lord, we sometimes need to do what we don’t want to do for the sake of the Father’s will being done. Why? Because GOD’s will is what is best and what is right and we place our trust completely in Him (Proverbs 3:5-7). But understand this: if only Saul would have been faithfully obedient, neither this story about the medium nor his prophetic death would have happened. In retelling the story of Saul and the medium in 1Chronicles 10:13-14, the Chronicler explicitly states that Saul died because he did not keep the Word of the Lord but chose instead to consult the dead. And because he wanted to speak to the dead, GOD delivered him to the dead.
But a critic might object, “Well, why didn’t GOD answer Saul then? Saul wouldn’t have done that if GOD had just answered him!” But that’s not the way it works. Those who consistently reject GOD’s leadership and refuse to follow the guidance GOD has already provided should not expect GOD to deliver them from trouble resulting from their own rebelliousness (Job 27:9; 35:12; Proverbs 1:23-28; Isaiah 1:15; Jeremiah 11:11; 14:12; Ezekiel 8:18; Micah 3:4; Zechariah 7:13; James 4:3). Choices create consequences. Saul had consistently disobeyed GOD, even murdering the Lord’s priests while trying to murder David (1Samuel 22:17-19). Saul somehow convinced himself that his sin of seeking the medium was acceptable because he was disguised and doing it in the secrecy of the dark; however, nothing is hidden from GOD (Ecclesiastes 12:14; Jeremiah 23:23-24; Daniel 2:22; Matthew 10:26; Luke 12:2-3).
Examine 1Samuel 28:15: “Samuel said to Saul, ‘Why have you disturbed me by bringing me up?’ And Saul answered, ‘I am greatly distressed; for the Philistines are waging war against me, and God has departed from me and no longer answers me, either through prophets or by dreams; therefore I have called you, that you may make known to me what I should do.”
I… me… me… me… I… me… I — Saul was self-centered. I wouldn’t have wanted to talk to Saul either if I had been Samuel. Saul had a hardened heart and simply refused to obey the Word of the Lord. Now, even if GOD’s silence had meant for Saul to wait, he still would have been guilty due to his impatience; in fact, it was his impatience that caused him to lose the kingdom in the first place (1Samuel 13:8-14). However, 1Samuel 28:16 makes it clear that GOD didn’t answer him because He knew Saul’s heart, knew what he was going to do, and after so many years of his refusal to truly repent, it was time for his judgment. And that’s why Samuel said to Saul, “Why then do you ask me, since the Lord has departed from you and has become your adversary?” So in other words, Samuel essentially said to Saul, “So because daddy said no, you come to mommy and expect mommy to say yes? Absolutely not. The bride and the bridegroom become one. If the Father now considers you His enemy, why would I make a treaty with you? If the Lord has pronounced judgment upon you, why would I try to pardon you? If you have now been caught in the act of whoring around with this witch and committed adultery against the Lord, what does the Law declare your punishment to be (Leviticus 20:6,27)? Have you not dug your own grave and ensured your own death? I can’t help you old friend.”
We are to seek the Lord with all our hearts (Deuteronomy 4:29; 1Chronicles 28:9; Proverbs 8:17; Jeremiah 29:13). Saul swore to the medium by the Lord that no punishment would come to her (1Samuel 28:10). Not only did Saul break the Law himself (Leviticus 19:31; Deuteronomy 18:10-12), but he swore on the name of the Lord when he shouldn’t have done so (Leviticus 19:12; Matthew 5:34-37; James 5:12); in addition, judgment/punishment for the medium was never his to give or take away (Exodus 22:18; Leviticus 20:27). And because Saul sought out a medium instead of the Lord (Isaiah 8:19), he brought the curse of death (1Samuel 28:19) upon himself (Leviticus 20:6; 1Samuel 15:23; 1Chronicles 10:13-14). The people of Israel should have desired the Lord to be their King, but they rejected GOD in order to receive Saul (1Samuel 8:5-20). Saul should have sought only the Lord, but he sought out a medium instead and put his trust in a mere human, Samuel. Now, the picture painted here is that humanity has free will to choose right or wrong, but when humanity rejects the King of all kings (Deuteronomy 10:17; 1Timothy 6:15; Revelation 17:14; 19:16) and instead desires to go their own way, nothing but destruction and death awaits them. Saul freely chose his path and then reaped what he sowed (Proverbs 22:8; Galatians 6:7-8).
In conclusion, will you wait on the Lord while you act in faithful obedience to what GOD has already commanded you to do? Why would GOD bless disobedience? Why would GOD give a person Step 2 when he/she hasn’t even completed Step 1? I know we sometimes want an answer and we want it immediately, but sometimes we just need to wait and be patient. An expectancy of an immediate answer is actually a sign of immaturity.
Hebrews 6:19 tells us that our hope in the Lord is the anchor of our soul. So, don’t be like Saul who didn’t listen to the Lord, didn’t wait for the Lord, and sought out to achieve victory for himself by means apart from the Lord. Instead, be like David, whom Saul tried to murder. David was a man after GOD’s own heart (1Samuel 13:14; Acts 13:22) who wrote about his fearless trust in the Lord in Psalm 27:14: “Wait for the Lord; be strong and let your heart take courage; yes, wait for the Lord.”
But what would David know about waiting for the Lord? Well, David had to wait an estimated 15 years from the time he was first anointed by Samuel to the time he actually became king over Judah. It was another seven years before David was anointed king over all Israel. Meanwhile, David was being hunted down by Saul as if he were wild game, forced to hide in caves from his enemies (1Samuel 22:1; 24:3; 2Samuel 23:13). So, if David could wait 15 years for GOD’s promise to come to fulfillment, why wasn’t Saul able to wait another day? In 1Samuel 17:36-37, David said, “ ‘Your servant has killed both the lion and the bear; and this uncircumcised Philistine will be like one of them, since he has taunted the armies of the living God.’ And David said, ‘The Lord who delivered me from the paw of the lion and from the paw of the bear, He will deliver me from the hand of this Philistine.’ ” And so, if David was able to boldly and confidently put his trust in the Lord against the Philistines, why wasn’t Saul able to do the same?
And what about you? Are you putting your trust completely in the Lord or does your lack of faith lead you to whore around with the ways of this world which only lead to death (Mark 8:36; 1John 2:15)? Are you waiting for the Lord? Don’t be like Saul. Don’t be impatient, impulsive, immature, self-centered, unfaithful, and condemned to death. Again, Psalm 27:14 says, “Wait for the Lord; be strong and let your heart take courage; yes, wait for the Lord.”